Stock investment project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stock speculation venture - Essay Example The disappointment of one speculation has less odds of harming my general execution since I have other venture to rely upon for their benefit. Putting resources into shared assets empowered me to have a bigger number of speculations than when I didn't think about the choice. I had the option to misuse the chance of dollar cost averaging (DCA) whereby I would contribute any sum through the venture chief. I thought about that without shared supports I would have endured the danger of greater expense emerging from putting resources into assortment of stocks. The administration cost proportion (MER) is the equivalent paying little heed to the measure of stock I had put resources into; henceforth the chance of putting resources into huge number of stock without fearing the impact of the commission expenses (Rowland and Lawson, 2012). The business expense for entering and leaving the market likewise went about as a rate misfortune on my speculation in this manner calling for interest in sh ared assets. Execution I put resources into six unique stocks in the market including: SOHU.COM Inc, Packaging Corp of America, Intel Corporation, Yahoo Corporation, Cambrex Corp, GIS. The contributed had a total assets of $100,044.46. Total assets for the entire undertaking was $100,044.46; purchasing power for the stocks was $115039.92 with money surviving from $14,995. The general increase was $44.46 while the general return was 0.04% and today’s gains was 1.39%. On November 2, 2013 coming up next was the manner by which the stock sold in the market for the organization I picked with each having financier charge of $10 appended. Coming up next is the picture demonstrating the general execution of the stock and that detailed by the 6 unique stocks in the market. An increase of 1.39% is useful for beginning a task, and I consider proceeding to put resources into these market stocks. Impact of monetary conditions The predominant financial conditions affected on the productivi ty of my stock portfolio. Uncertainity about current worldwide monetary conditions went about as a significant viewpoint in my venture choice (Rowland and Lawson, 2012). I feared for the vulnerability since this normally diminishes the spending capacity of the organizations and the purchasers. The organizations and the shoppers would diminish on their spending particularly in light of the negative money related news and more tight credit in the market. More tight credit suggests the resemblance of greater expense to be related with any speculation conditions. The nearness of these conditions made me to waver in settling on venture choice in the market. Further the overall vulnerability in worldwide financial conditions likewise set off the idea of interest significantly contrasting among various nations. This implies the activity by the organizations in raising costs on merchandise and ventures to raise their benefit, would have less effect since the wiliness of the customers to pur chase is such a great amount of various in different nations. Instinctively, the condition exposed the organizations to seeing changeability in their pay and costs in view of the increases or misfortunes acknowledged from the deal or trade of budgetary instruments (Rowland and Lawson, 2012). Subsequently, I had settled on a choice corresponding to company’s readiness towards making up for the potential misfortunes coming about because of the vulnerability in the worldwide financial pattern. The above conditions influenced the expense related to speculation, particularly the beginning expense. For my situation, the

Acetic acid from methanol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Acidic corrosive from methanol - Essay Example This bit of craftsmanship additionally gave me how difficult work pays as the individual swinging is having a good time because of the extravagance introduced by the encompassing. Actually, I can recommend that social qualities have a more prominent reverberation than policy driven issues as introduced by this craftsmanship. To begin with, the craftsmanship depicts how the world ought to show up regarding tidiness and how things ought to be orchestrated in the advanced world or society. It likewise shows the class contrasts without requiring a lot of clarification as it is anything but difficult to decipher. â€Å"This is the latest bit of workmanship which was made in 2011 to connect to the screening of the film ‘The Exit to the Gift Shop’† (Kok 19). The scene where the craftsmanship was made is some good ways from where network individuals dwell. They were attempting to collect some cash by changing over the parking area into an advanced park with a decent play area. It is perhaps the most grounded case of my creative work that has been pleasantly beautified to catch practically all parts of the cutting edge imaginative work. This is a direct result of the shading utilized, outward appearance and the state of the craftsmanship. Its outward picture likewise gives more than one portrayal of what the craftsman was attempting to clarify not at all like his first aesthetic work that indicated just one importance. The young lady swinging and the works on the divider are highlights that qualify this bit of workmanship to have more than one importance clarified in a similar bit of craftsmanship. It is important that the space utilized is little yet the significance is wide and can without much of a stretch be comprehended from the initial introduction by survey the picture. From the outset as I watched the picture, it gave me an alternate significance after which it changed totally when I watched it fundamentally. It affected my perspective to give both the internal and outward significance to any masterful work before reaching a determination. This work is accordingly present day when contrasted with different works by different specialists. The given work delineates some specialized foundation abilities where the craftsmen had the option to adjust every one of his components.

Columbias provost shares post-election message COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Columbias provost shares post-election message COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Dear fellow members of the Columbia community: The presidential election has prompted intense concern for the values we hold dear and for members of our community who are apprehensive about what the future holds.   Some of this concern is focused on possible changes to immigration laws and to the federal enforcement of those laws.   Some is due to possible changes elsewhere in federal law and policy.   Reports of bias crimes and harassment occurring since the election are also deeply disturbing, particularly so when those who feel threatened are part of a community like ours, committed to tolerance and reason. President Bollinger has asked me to work with the University administration and our community to develop a response to these concerns.   I am writing to share information about relevant policies and our plans for ensuring that every person at Columbia feels safe, is able to proceed unimpeded with their studies and their work, and understands beyond question that Columbia’s dedication to inclusion and diversity is and will remain unwavering. First, the University will neither allow immigration officials on our campuses without a warrant, nor share information on the immigration status of undocumented students with those officials unless required by subpoena or court order, or authorized by a student.   Moreover, New York City continues to be a sanctuary city, with special protections for undocumented immigrants, and Mayor de Blasio recently affirmed that local law enforcement officials will continue to operate consistent with that commitment. If the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival (DACA) policy is terminated or substantially curtailed and students with DACA status lose the right to work, the University pledges to expand the financial aid and other support we make available to undocumented students, regardless of their immigration status.    It is of the utmost importance that federal policies and laws do not derail the education of students whose enrollment at Columbia and other colleges or universities is made possible by DACA.   We subscribe to the view of the Association of American Universities that “DACA should be upheld, continued and expanded,” and we will continue to express that commitment in the future. To provide additional support, the Office of University Life is hosting a series of small-group, private information sessions specifically for undocumented students in our community, including DACA recipients, to offer support and guidance regarding possible changes in the law.   Affected students can contact the Office directly for more information.   Separately, our International Students and Scholars Office (ISSO) is scheduling information sessions and is prepared to provide assistance via its telephone helplines to any of our international students with questions or concerns.   For more information about resources, support, and reporting options regarding discrimination and harassment, please visit the Office of University Life website. The commitments outlined above emerge from values that define what we stand for and who we are as a University community.   Indeed, Columbia College and the School of Engineering and Applied Science have amplified their commitment to undocumented undergraduate students pursuing their first degrees by continuing to meet their full financial aid needs as has long been our policy and also by treating applications of undocumented students no differently than those of students who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents.   The experience of undocumented students at the College and Columbia Engineering, from the time they first seek admission through their graduation, will not be burdened in any way by their undocumented status. This is a moment for us to bear in mind how important it is to protect all who study and teach in our community and to defend the institution and the values it embodies. Sincerely, John H. Coatsworth Provost

What Is Securitisation And Its Uses Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2109 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? If you think you can go it alone in todays global economy, you are highly mistaken Jack Welch, CEO of General Electric, USA  [1] Securitization is considered one of the most prominent developments in international finance, and is its utility is expected to rise further in the future.  [2]  Securitization has been defined as the process of pooling and repackaging of homogenous illiquid financial assets into marketable securities that can be sold to investors.  [3] The concept of securitization typically offers investors higher quality assets due to the fact that the structure created is insulated from the bankruptcy risk of the Originator. The Special Purpose Vehicle (hereinafter SPV) is one such structure. An SPV, or a special purpose entity (SPE), is a legal entity created by a firm (known as the sponsor or originator) by transferring assets to the SPV, to carry out some specific purpose or circumscribed activity, or a series of such transactions .  [4]  SPVs gained prominence in light of the Enron scandal, where the directors and auditors utilized SPVs to clear the debts off the balance book of Enron.  [5] A SPV is an independent entity, usually created for carrying out a specific project, wherein the SPV purchases assets from the Originator and issues securities against the purchased assets. Such a model provides an investor added security insofar that their investment in the SPV is not subject to any subsequent deterioration in the credit quality of the Originator.  [6]  Moreover, the investment is secured by the assets of the SPV, or in case of a joint venture, a performance amount. During the course of this paper, the researcher shall endeavor to highlight the advantages of SPVs in various transactions, with emphasis on the use of SPVs as an acquisition vehicle and the use of SPVs for joint ventures. The researcher shall first analyze the concept of a SPV, before dealing with specific issues like the use of SPVs as an acquisition vehicle and the use of SPVs by Private Equity firms. SPVs -The Concept A securitization process typically entails a four step process. First, a SPV is created, which holds the title to the assets underlying securities. Second, the assets held by the Originator are purchased by the SPV, which in turn leads to the third step, i.e. the issuance of securities to the investors which are backed by the assets purchased. The fourth step involves the SPV pays the originator for the assets with the proceeds from the sale of securities.  [7] A securitization deal typically involves three parties, namely  [8]   1. The Originator: This is the entity on whose books the assets to be securitised exist. It is the Company that generally owns the receivables. The Company then sells these receivables to a newly formed separate legal entity, which can take the form of a company or a trust. In a true sale, the Originator transfers both the legal and the ben eficial interest in the assets to the SPV.  [9]  This process results in the risks associated with the receivables being separated from the risks associated with the Originator. 2. The SPV: In order to raise funds for the purchase of the receivables, the SPV approaches the capital markets. The SPV would typically buy the assets (to be securitised) from the Originator. The SPV is characteristically a low-capitalised entity with narrowly defined purposes (in order to make it bankruptcy remote) and activities, and usually has independent trustees/directors. An example would be the acquisition of Zain Africa by Bharti, wherein two SPVs were created, which took the loan to finance the transaction, and the advantage of this process being that the loan was not on the books of Bharti.  [10] 3. The Investors: The investors that purchase the securities offered by the SPV can be in the form of individuals, institutional investors, mutual funds, provident funds, insurance companies, etc. These investors purchase a participating interest in the total pool of receivables and receive their payment in the form of interest and principal as per agreed pattern.  [11] A Special purpose entity is a unique form of joint venture or a separate form of legal structure that is created by a company or a firm for a special purpose, for example, isolation of risk or for providing liquidity or to obtain favorable external funding.  [12]  The rationale behind creation of such structures is that many of the infrastructure projects require huge capital investments, specialized technologies, multi-skill and advanced management techniques. The risks involved in such projects are so high that individual entities cannot bear such a huge risk solely on their own and they do not want to burden the existing units with such a risk. Therefore, this leads to the formation of a special structure that enables the firm to successfully complete the project by isolating the risk in such a case.  [13]  The unique feature about a SPV is that they have no other purpose other than the sole transaction or project for which they were created and they can make no substantive decisions, the rules governing them are set down in advance and they carefully circumscribe their activities. In other words, SPVs are single project/purpose entities which are bankruptcy remote, i.e. scope of activities undertaken by the SPV is strictly limited and in most cases, a non-petition agreement is obtained from the creditors.  [14] A Special Purpose Vehicle typically has the following characteristics: They are thinly capitalised; They have no independent management or employees; Their administrative functions are performed by a trustee who follows pre-specified rules with regard to the receipt and distribution of cash and there are no other decisions; The assets held by the SPV are serviced via a servicing agreement. They are structured so that they cannot become ba nkrupt.  [15] A Working Group setup by the Reserve Bank of India (hereinafter RBI) in its report suggested certain features for an ideal SPV  [16]   (a) An SPV must be capable of acquiring, holding and disposing of assets; (b) It would be an entity, which would undertake only the activity of asset securitization and no other activity; (c) An SPV must be bankruptcy remote i.e. the bankruptcy of Originator should not affect the interests of holders of instruments issued by SPV; (d) An SPV must be bankruptcy proof. i.e. it should not be capable of being taken into bankruptcy in the event of any inability to service the securitized paper issued by it. (e) An SPV must have an identity totally distinct from that of its promoters/ sponsors/ constituents/ shareholders. Its creditors cannot obtain satisfaction from them. (f) The investors must have undivided interest in the underlying asset (as distinguished from an interest in the SPV which is a mere conduit). (g) A SPV must be tax neutral i.e. there should be no additional tax liability or double taxation on the transaction on account of the SPV acting as a conduit. (h) A SPV must have the capability of housing multiple securitisation. However, SPV must take precaution to avoid co-mingling of assets of multiple securitisation. In case of transactions involving various kinds of assets, they should restrict the rights of investors to the specific pool. (i) The SPV agreement may not release its employees or trustees from their responsibility for acts of negligence and a wilful misconduct. Thus, the distinctive features of a SPV typically include the fact that such vehicles are utilised for a specific purpose, generally to isolate risk, as the basic principle of structured financings are based on one central, core principle-a defined group of assets can be structurally isolated, and thus serve as the basis of a financing that is independent as a legal matter, from the bankruptcy ris ks of the former owner of the assets.  [17] SPVs in the Indian Context In India, an Originator can create a SPV thorough various means, depending on the nature of transaction to be carried out by the SPV. A SPV can be in the form of any of the following legal entities- company, trust, mutual fund, partnership, etc. The instruments issued by a SPV should however, have the following characteristics  [18]   (a) Be capable of being offered to the public or private placement. (b) Permit free or restricted transferability. (c) Permit issuance of pass through or pay through Securities. (d) Represent the amounts invested and the undivided interest or share in the assets (and should not constitute debt of SPV or the Originator). (e) Be capable of being classified as senior / subordinate by differentiation in ranking of security or in receiving payments. (f) May be issued in bearer form or registered in the holders name, may or may not be endorsable and may be issued in definitive form or book entry form. The researcher shall restrict the scope of this paper to the study and use of a SPV which is in the form of a Company. A Company, typically a private company, is a familiar form of SPV setup to carry out a particular activity/project. The primary reason for the popularity of this model is the fact that a Company offers flexibility vis-à  -vis the nature of securities issued by the SPV. As per the Indian Companies Act, 1956, a private company can be setup with a minimum paid up share capital of Rs. 100,000, with at least two members subscribing to the Memorandum of Association.  [19]  The disclosure requirements for a private company are generally lower as compared to a public company.  [20]  Such a company may issue shares and debentures backed by the assets that have been transferred to the SPV. In case of a SPV-Company being created for an infrastructure project (for example-construction of a bridge), then the model typically utilized is the BOT model, wherein the assets are transferred to the SPV, the SPV carries out the construction work, operates it for an agreed time period and then transfers it to the government which has the rightful title to the project.  [21] Another form or popular model of SPV is a trust company, wherein a company acts as a trustee. The functioning is similar to the functioning of a company established under the Companies Act. SPV as an Acquisition Vehicle SPVs are increasingly being utilized as acquisition vehicles by various companies and private equity firms. For example, in a leveraged buyout by a private equity firm, a typical structure is modeled on the following lines. The private equity firm would setup a shell parent and subsidiary company. The shell companies created for the acquisition had no substantial assets of their own but were required to, as per the acquisition agreement, to use a measure of best efforts to complete the transactions con templated by the agreement. The target company was given assurance as to the availability of finance for the transaction by financial institutions which provided a debt commitment letter.  [22] However, in light of the financial meltdown, a new private equity acquisition structure was created which required the private equity firm to provide a letter of guarantee (generally in non recourse terms) to the target company to pay compensation in the event of the transaction not being completed. In a typical triangular or reverse triangular merger, either a subsidiary or a shell company is created by the acquiring company to take over the target company. The rationale being that post merger, the shell company ceases to exist and only the target company, now a subsidiary of the acquiring company survives the merger. An advantage of this process is that the contracts entered into by the target company, and in many cases the goodwill created by the brand name of the target company su rvives the acquisition. Conclusion During the course of this paper, the researcher has endeavoured to highlight the concept and the advantages of a SPV. The distinctive features of a SPV typically include the fact that such vehicles are utilised for a specific purpose, generally to isolate risk, as the basic principle of structured financings are based on one central, core principle-a defined group of assets can be structurally isolated, and thus serve as the basis of a financing that is independent as a legal matter, from the bankruptcy risks of the former owner of the assets. SPVs are increasingly being used for, inter alia, infrastructure projects, as a mode of acquisition vehicle, due to the various advantages that a SPV provides to the Originator. The concept however, came to light for all the wrong reasons as SPVs were used by Enron executives to hide the debt and clear their balance sheets. Notwithstanding the negative publicity created post Enron, the researcher bel ieves that SPVs today form an integral part of the MA landscape in todays world, and provide a unique and bankruptcy remote way or raising capital. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is Securitisation And Its Uses Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini - 1365 Words

The imagery, styles and the concerns used in the novel foreshadows the rape scene that happened in the grand kite tournament of 1975 which sets a cycle of betrayal and redemption into motion, around which the story revolves. The rape scene represents the entire novel; it’s related to Amir’s life as he spends the whole novel dealing with the incident, which affects his entire life. It also symbolises the racism in Afghanistan, and how the country is dealing with such an issue, beauty of the Afghanistan is fading just like Hassan and Amir’s friendship. In the opening chapter, Hosseini hints at the upcoming rape scene, â€Å"Looking back now, I realize I have been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years,†1 to generate the reader’s interest without being explicit, and from the time period he mentioned, â€Å"twenty six years,† we get the idea of what affect this incident had on Amir because it has been quite a long time but Amir was unable to forget the incident, as his past kept hunting him and his feeling of guilt kept rising with time. Hosseini uses irony to foreshadow Amir’s disloyalty towards Hassan, when Baba complains to Rahim Khan about Amir, saying, â€Å"A boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything,†2 here Baba points out one of the Amir’s major character flaws i.e. his cowardice- which never let him stood up for himself; he always relies on Hassan to defend him. Amir always wanted to be the best at everythi ng, to gainShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made b y Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Specific Investment Decisions Free Essays

SPECIFIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS Q1. If a company leases rather than buy an asset, which of the following will not be a benefit to the purchaser? (MCQ)Avoiding Tax exhaustionExploiting a low cost of capital Attract lease customers Potential future scrap(2 marks) Q2. Willow Co has already decided to accept a project and is now considering how to finance the project. We will write a custom essay sample on Specific Investment Decisions or any similar topic only for you Order Now The asset could be leased over three years at a rental of $23,000 per annum, payable at the start of each year. Tax is payable at 25%, one year in arrears. The post-tax cost of borrowing is 8%. Calculate the net present value of the leasing option. (FIB)Years Cash flows ($)0 – 2 Rentals (23,000)2 – 4 Tax relief 5,75041084542545000NOTE: Negative answer should be shown with a negative sign (-)$(2 marks) Q3. Select the correct Lease option based on the statements given. (HA)It is a rental agreement OPERATING FINANCEMaintenance Servicing cost of Lessee OPERATING FINANCEAgreement for the useful life of the asset OPERATING FINANCEIncluded in the balance sheet of the Lessor OPERATING FINANCE(2 marks) Q4. Tango Co. needs to decide about an asset that will be used in a project. The company has an option to either Buy the asset or Lease it. If Tango Co. opts for Buy option the following information is given: The asset is bought using a bank loan for $400,000 for a time period of three years. The scrap value of the asset is $30,000 annual maintenance cost will be $12,000 per annum. Calculate the present value for year two using a cost of borrowing of 5% (ignoring taxation)? (MCQ)$30,000$(11,424)$(10,884)$15,552(2 marks) Q5. What are the relevant cash flows for Buy option? (MRQ)Investment and Disposal proceedsRepair Maintenance costTax allowable depreciationTax saving on Servicing cost(2 marks) Q6. Beamer Co. wants to replace a Dyeing machine on 31st December 2017. The machine is expected to cost $360,000 if purchased immediately, payable on 31st December 2017. After four years company expects technological changes in the market making this machine redundant and leaving a scrap value of $20,000 on 31st December 2021. Capital allowance on 25% reducing balance basis. A full year allowance is given for acquisition but no writing down allowance in the year of disposal. If the maintenance cost is $15,000 per year payable at each year end tax rate is 30%.What will be the Balancing Charge/Allowance? (MCQ)$28,172 Balancing Charge$27,000 Balancing Allowance$11,391 Balancing Charge$28,172 Balancing Allowance(2 marks) Q7. Putin Co has decided to invest in a new machine which has a ten-year life and no disposal proceeds. The machine can either be purchased now for $55,000, or it can be leased for ten years with lease rental payments of $10,000 per annum payable at the end of each year. The cost of capital to be applied is 11% and taxation should be ignored. What should be done? (MCQ)Purchase the machineLease the machineSale or LeasebackDo nothing(2 marks) Q8. A machine is leased using operating lease the annual lease rental for six years will be $67,000 payable at each year-end. The first rental will be payable at the start of year one. Calculate net present value using a cost of capital of 13%? (FIB) 3816353683000$(2 marks) Q9. A machine is leased using finance lease the annual lease rental for three years will be $95,000 payable at each year-end. The first rental will be payable at end of year zero in advance. The maintenance cost is $10,000 per annum for three years. Calculate net cash flow for year two using tax save rate of 30% recording in the year cash flow arises? (MCQ)$(66,500)$(73,500)$(7,000)$28,500(2 marks) Q10. â€Å"Assets with unequal lives cannot be compared to a comparison will not be like with like†. Which of the following option relates to the above statement? (MCQ)Equivalent annual costProfitability indexAsset Replacement decisionProbability analysis (2 marks) Q11. Project A with an NPV of $4m with six-year duration. Project B with an NPV of $5m with seven-year duration. Project C with NPV of $6m with a three-year duration. Cost of capital is 12%. Which of the following will be ranked second? (MCQ)Project AProject BProject CNone of the above(2 marks) Q12. The net present value of the costs of operating a machine for the next three years is $10,437 at a cost of capital of 16%. What is the equivalent annual cost of operating the machine? (FIB)4114806477000$ (2 marks) Q13. KD Co. is deciding to replace cargo planes every year or every two years. The initial cost of the plane is $200,000. The maintenance charges are as follows: First year it’s Nil ; $25,000 at the end of the second year. The second-hand value would fall from $110,000 to $90,000 if it held on the plane for two years instead of a one year. KD Co. cost of capital is 4%. How often should KD Co. replace their cargo planes % what will be the equivalent annual cost of the option they choose? (MCQ)Replace every 1 year $(94,180)Replace every 1 year $(97,900)Replace every 2 years $(139,875)Replace every 2 years $(48,450)(2 marks) Q14. Which of the following statements is/are a limitation for Asset Replacement Decision? (MRQ)Replacement made every time is better than the previous assetAssets replaced have same cash inflows every yearAssumed that Machines replaced have different operational efficiencies than the previous assetIt ignores environmental damage(2 marks) Q15. Capital Rationing is the restriction on organizations ability to invest in all projects due to insufficient funds. Select the relevant statements whether they are true or false. (HA)Hard Capital Rationing is the limit on the amount of finance available imposed by the lending institutions TRUE FALSESoft Capital Rationing is the limit on the amount of finance available imposed by the lending institutions TRUE FALSEProfitability index is a solution applicable to divisible projects only TRUE FALSETrial ; Error method is the solution applicable to divisible projects only TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q16. Riddle Co. is appraising three investment projects but is experiencing a capital rationing in Year 0. No capital rationing is expected in future, but all the projects are important for the company and cannot be delayed ; a decision needs to be taken. Riddle Co. cost of capital is 6%. Which order should the projects to be ranked? The following information is available: (MCQ)Project The outlay in year 0 ($) Present Value ($) Net Present Value ($)Jeremy 115,000 121,900 12,190James 43,000 45,580 13,674Richard 75,000 79,500 47,700Jeremy, Richard, JamesJames, Jeremy, RichardRichard, James, JeremyJeremy, James, Richard (2 marks) Q17. What is an indivisible project?It is the ratio of the NPV of a project to its investment costIt is the project that must be undertaken completely or not at allIt is the project that must be undertaken completely or partiallyIt is the project restriction due to insufficient funds(2 marks)The following information relates to Q18 ; Q19.Schneider Co. is facing a capital constraint of $150m immediately available for investment. The investments in possible projects are: Project Initial Cost ($m) NPV ($m)W 30 7X 70 12Y 60 12Z 40 16 Q18. If the projects are divisible, what is the NPV generated from the optimum investment programme? (FIB)35115524765 00 $ Million(2 marks) Q19. If the projects are indivisible, what is the NPV generated from the optimum investment programme? (MCQ)$19m$24m$28m$35m(2 marks) Q20. Place the calculation steps of Profitability index in the correct order. (P;D)Monitor the investment made in the project 1Calculate profitability index of each project 2Allocate the funds 3Rank the project 4(2 marks)SPECIFIC INVESTMENT DECISIONS (ANSWERS) Q1. AAvoiding tax exhaustion is a benefit for lessee rather than the purchaser. Tax exhaustion is when a business has negative taxable income so cannot benefit from tax saving.Exploiting a low cost of capital is a benefit for the purchaserAttracting lease customers is a benefit to a lessorPotential future scrap is a benefit for the purchaser as the lessee is not entitled to future scrap proceeds Q2. $-50,289Years Cash flows ($) Discount Factor (8%) Present value ($)0 – 2 Rentals (23,000) 1 + 1.783 (64,009)2 – 4 Tax relief 5,750 3.312 – 0.926 13,720NPV (50,289) Q3. CIt is a rental agreement OPERATING Maintenance ; Servicing cost of Lessee FINANCEAgreement for the useful life of the asset FINANCEIncluded in the balance sheet of the Lessor OPERATING Q4. Year 0 1 2 3Investment / Scrap value (400,000) 30,000Maintenance (12,000) (12,000) (12,000)Net Cash flow (400,000) (12,000) (12,000) 18,000DF 5% 1 0.952 0.907 0.864Present value (400,000) (11,424) (10,884) 15,552 Q5. All cash flows are relevant for Buy option Q6. DYear 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022Investment / Scrap value (360,000) 20,000 Tax save 27,000 20.250 15,188 11,391 28,172Workings:2017 (360,000 Ãâ€" 25%) = 90,000 Ãâ€" 30% = 27,0002018 (90,000 Ãâ€" 0.75) = 67,500 Ãâ€" 30% = 20,2502019 (67,500 Ãâ€" 0.75) = 50,625 Ãâ€" 30% = 15,1882020 (50,625 Ãâ€" 0.75) = 37,969 Ãâ€" 30% = 11,391Balancing Allowance (113,906 – 20,000) = $ 28,172 Q7. APresent value of leasing costs PV = Annuity factor at 11% for 10 years Ãâ€" $10,000 = 5.889 Ãâ€" $10,000 = $58,890 If the machine was purchased now, it would cost $55,000. The purchase is therefore the least-cost financing option, hence choosing the purchase option. Q8. $ – 267,866$67,000 Ãâ€" 3.998 (annuity factor for 6 years) = $ – 267,866 Q9. BYear 0 1 2 3Lease rentals (95,000) (95,000) (95,000) Maintenance (10,000) (10,000) (10,000)Tax save 30% (LR) 28,500 28,500 28,500 (M) 3,000 3,000 3,000Net cash flow (66,500) (73,500) (73,500) (7000) Q10. CEquivalent annual cost is method of converting asset lives to be like with likeProfitability index is the method to overcome capital rationingAsset Replacement decision is correctProbability analysis is method under risk ; uncertainty Q11. BProject A = $4 à · 4.111 (AF 6 years) = $0.973mProject B = $5 à · 4.564 (AF 7 years) = $1.096mProject C = $6 à · 2.402 (AF 3 years) = $2.498m Q12. $4,647EAC = $10,437 à · 2.246 (AF 3 years) = $4,647 Q13. DYear 1 Year Cash flow ($) DF (4%) PV ($)0 (200,000) 1 (200,000)1 110,000 0.962 105,820NPV (94,180)EAC = 94,180 à · 0.962 = 97,900Year 2 Year Cash flow ($) DF (4%) PV ($)0 (200,000) 1 (200,000)1 – 0.962 -2 (25,000) + 90,000 0.925 60,125NPV (139,875)EAC = 139,875 à · 2.887 = 48,450 Q14. Assets replaced have same cash inflows every year ; it ignores environmental damageReplacement made every time is like with likeAssets replaced have same cash inflows every year (limitation)Assumed that Machines replaced have same operational efficiencies like the previous assetIt ignores environmental damage, It ignores non-financial aspects (limitation) Q15.Hard Capital Rationing is the limit on the amount of finance available imposed by the lending institutions TRUE Soft Capital Rationing is the limit on the amount of finance available imposed by the lending institutions FALSE Profitability index is a solution applicable to divisible projects only TRUE Trial ; Error method is the solution applicable to divisible projects onlyFALSESoft Capital Rationing is the limit on the amount of finance available imposed by the company itself.Trial ; Error method is the solution applicable to indivisible projects only Q16. D. Jeremy, James, RichardProject The outlay in year 0 ($) Present Value($) Net Present Value ($) Profitability IndexJeremy 115,000 121,900 12,190 0.1James 43,000 45,580 13,674 0.3Richard 75,000 79,500 47,700 0.6Jeremy = (12,190 à · 121,900) = 0.1James = (13,674 à · 45,580) = 0.3Richard = (47,700 à · 79,500) = 0.6 Q17. BIt is the ratio of the NPV of a project to its investment cost (Profitability index)It is the project that must be undertaken completely or not at all (Indivisible project)It is the project that must be undertaken completely or partially (Divisible project) It is the project restriction due to insufficient funds (Capital rationing) Q18. $38.4mProject Profitability Index Ranking Investment ($) NPV ($)W ( 7 à · 30) = 0.23 2 30 Ãâ€"0.23 7X ( 12 à · 70) = 0.17 4 20 Ãâ€" 0.17 3.4Y ( 12 à · 60) = 0.2 3 60 Ãâ€" 0.2 12Z ( 16 à · 40) = 0.4 1 40 Ãâ€" 0.4 16Total 150 38.4 Q19. DCombination:W + X Cost $100m NPV $19mW + Y + Z Cost $130m NPV $35mX + Y Cost $130m NPV $24mX + Z Cost $110m NPV $28mY + Z Cost $100m NPV $28m Q20. Monitor the investment made in the project 4Calculate profitability index of each project 1Allocate the funds 3Rank the project 2 How to cite Specific Investment Decisions, Papers

The House of Dies Drear free essay sample

Also, in chapter 19, which is also the end of the book, Virginia Hamilton used another cliffhanger, which led us to the next book, The Mystery of Drear House. That way, it will give people the motive to read on to the next book and make the readers eager to read the next book. Metaphor revealed through out the book, such as: The stream in the moat. The covered planks are the drawbridges, Thomas thought. And the house of Dies Drear is the castle. In this case, the house of Dies Drear is being compared to a castle, it gives us a mysterious mood, and the impetus can make the story more interesting than just saying everything straightforward. Virginia Hamilton used the plot structure/plot diagram in her book. Beginning, rising action, climax, falling action and ending. The beginning of the story is when the Smalls moved in, rising action in when they knew about the backgrounds of the house and Pluto. We will write a custom essay sample on The House of Dies Drear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Climax is when they had their revenge on the Darrows. The falling action shall be the sequel of The House of Dies Drear. I find this very interesting because Virginia Hamilton wrote The Mystery of Drear House also, but she started working on it 18 years after the first book was published. The sequel was about what happened after, and explained most parts of the mystery in the first book. She, herself also said that â€Å"I began it by looking for an opening, something I hadn’t done in the first book. ‘ What did I miss doing in Dies Drear? ’ I asked myself. ‘Is there anything I left out I can pick up in the second book? ’† Throughout the second book, she mostly solved all the mysteries in the first book, which acted as a falling action and the ending. Not a lot of authors decide to put the ending in a separate book. In addition to this, the writer uses some stylistic effects to make the story interesting to read. Such as descriptive words and allusion. In the book, Virginia Hamilton used a lot of descriptive words to make the book more interesting. Such as Onomatopoeias, the word hissed around them, stopping Mr. Small’s forward movement. It can make the readers have a vivid image in their mind, to make it more realistic through out sounds and word descriptions. Also, allusions can make people relate to the history and understand what something means. Such as Pluto’s name, was from the Roman god of death. This allusion gives the readers a creep thought about Pluto and they can relate it both to what Pluto have done in the book and to his name’s meaning. To conclude, I think that The House of Dies Drear is effective because of its form, mystery and historical fiction, which made the book more interesting. The normal structure of plot but broke in to 2 pieces. Last the use of words and allusion in the book made it very successful.

Amir and Baba Essays

Amir and Baba Essays Amir and Baba Essay Amir and Baba Essay Amir and Babas relationship changes throughout the novel. The novel starts out with Amir doing whatever he could to win his fathers attention, which includes betraying his best friend, Hassan. He betrayed Hassan for his fathers full attention. He then earns it when Hassan and Ali move out and Baba and Amir move to America. Here are the examples. 1. Amir and Babas relationship is fake. Amir is pretending to be someone he is not by pretending to enjoy the soccer games Baba always takes him to see. 2. Amir and Babas relationship becomes real when Baba is diagnosed with cancer. Amir cares for him and stays with him until he dies. They become very close. 3. Amir and Baba are very alike. They both betrayed their best friends. Baba betrayed Ali by sleeping with his wife, and Amir betrayed Hassan by not standing up for him while getting assaulted. Then they both try to redeem themselves with doing other good deeds. Baba, running an orphanage, and Amir going back to Kabul to save Sohrab, Hassans son. I hope these work for you 🙂 ONE DECISION CHANGED EVERYTHING Too late we learn, a man must hold his friend unjudged, accepted, trusted to the end (John Boyle OReilly). Khaled Hosseini’s story of The Kite Runner showed a vast amount of love, trust, and betrayal towards two completely different people. Amir, the son of a wealthy and well-known man in the northern area of Kabul, develops a friendship with one of his servants named Hassan. As years progressed, Amir had a chance to save Hassan but the way he acted affected their lives which led them to follow two separate paths in life. Looking into his past, an aged and wise Amir struggled with the choices that he made as a young child that ultimately altered the friendship with Hassan. As young boys becoming adolescents, Amir and Hassan enjoyed doing everything together. However, Amir never considered Hassan and him friends. Amir felt this way because he knew that neither history nor religion changed who they were. In the end, Amir was a Pashtun and Hassan was a Hazara. But, they were kids; they fed from the same breast and they learned to crawl together. Nothing was going to change that either. Amir spent most of the first twelve years of his life with Hassan. They used to play hide-and-seek, cops and robbers, cowboys and Indians, and they loved insect torture (Hosseini 25). They took strolls together through the parks and saw many movies together. One of the most memorable times that Amir and Hassan shared together was underneath their pomegranate tree on top of a hill. They climbed the tree and Amir read many stories to Hassan. Hassan was uneducated and Amir made fun of him because he could not read. One summer day, Amir and Hassan took knives to the top of the hill and carved their names in the tree. It read, â€Å"Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul†. No matter what would happen to these two in the future, this saying was permanent and the story of the lives of these two individuals never left this tree. Those words made it formal: the tree was theirs (Hosseini 27). Hassan was the one who helped Amir choose the path of his future career. Amir had taken advantage of the friendship between Hassan and him. He made fun of him whenever he had the chance, but Hassan never took it to heart and still perceived Amir as his best friend. One day while he read to Hassan, Amir made up the ending of the story and Hassan loved it. He said, â€Å"That was the best story you’ve read me in a long time† (Hosseini 30). That same night, he wrote his first story. In The Kite Runner, Hassan was both physically and mentally stronger than Amir. According to Baba, Amir’s father, there was something wrong with Amir since his birth. Amir never stood up for himself and he was different for the fact that he liked poetry, something that Baba believed was not normal for a young boy. One day while Hassan and Amir were walking towards their tree, they came upon Assef and his friends. Assef was the son of one of Baba’s friends, an airline pilot. He was known for his brass knuckles and wanted to start an argument with Hassan and Amir. Right before he was going to hurt them, Hassan grabbed his slingshot and aimed it right at Assef’s left eye. He let the boys go but said he was going to get revenge. This part of the story foreshadowed an event that occurred later in the story in which Amir and Hassan’s lives were changed forever. Throughout the entire story, Amir felt that Baba was not giving him the attention he needed. Anytime Amir wanted to be alone with his father, Baba asked Hassan to join him. Many examples were written in the book, but the general idea was that Amir was never left to be with his father alone. This presented another foreshadowing scene that was resolved at the end of the book. This was a large twist to the story that many people never saw coming. Kite flying was a major event that took place every year. The object of the game was to be the last kite flying in the air. After all the other kites were cut down, a person chased the kite to redeem their pride and glory. During the tournament, Amir cut down the last kite and Hassan ran to get the kite for Amir. Amir went looking for Hassan after he did not arrived home. This is when the devastating incident occurred that changed the friendship of Amir and Hassan. â€Å"I opened my mouth, almost said something. Almost. The rest of my life might have turned out differently if I had. But I did not. I just watched paralyzed† (Hosseini 73). Trying to find Hassan, Amir walked through the streets of his home town as he looked and asked others if they saw a Hazara running for/with a blue kite. All of a sudden, Amir heard voices and he found Hassan. Amir saw the blue kite behind the back of Hassan; he protected the kite from the one person that he hated the most. It was Assef. Hassan did not give up the kite and was given two options: He either gave the blue kite to Assef or expected something bad to happen to him. Hassan refused to give up the kite and was molested. Amir caught a glimpse of Hassan’s face and ran away. He betrayed the person that once stood up for him; the one person who was willing to do anything to be loyal to Amir. He was a coward. At that instant in time when Amir decided to run, life was no longer what it used to be. â€Å"I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it. I waited another thirty minutes. Then I knocked on Baba’s door and told what I hoped would be the last in a long line of shameful lies† (Hosseini 104). Amir could not stand living with Hassan any more. He tried to make it seem as if Hassan stole money from Amir. After Baba was notified about this incident, he made everyone sit in a room. Hassan took the blame for the stealing because he wanted to save Amir. Amir was surprised when Baba had forgiven Hassan for the stealing, but Asi told Baba that they could not stand living there anymore and they decided to leave. As Hassan and his father loaded their belongings into Baba’s vehicle, Amir realized that this was the last time he saw Hassan in person. Forever. Due to the war going on, Amir and Baba were forced to move to America. Here, Amir started a whole new life and began a family. Amir and his wife tried to have a child, but they were unlucky. Baba later died in the story and Amir had to live life on his own. He kept thinking back to the old times in Kabul where he grew up. However, no matter how hard Amir tried to forget about the rape of Hassan, the dreams kept coming. The phone call. Amir received a phone call from a past friend that wanted him to return to his home country. Amir did not want to leave his life in America, but he went anyway. After he arrived, Amir received the shocking news; from this moment on everything in his past now made sense! Rahim Khan, the friend of Amir who told him to come back to Pakistan, said that Hassan was not just their servant; Amir and Hassan were brothers. Asi, the man who raised Hassan, was sterile and Baba was his true father. The secret had been kept between Baba and Rahim Khan throughout the lives of Amir and Hassan. Amir was very upset and yelled, â€Å"I’m thirty eight years old and I’ve just found out my whole life is one big fucking lie! † (Hosseini 222). The main reason that Rahim Khan brought Amir back to Pakistan was not for the sake of telling him that Hassan was his brother. Amir found out that while he was living a life in America, Hassan started his own as well. They had a child named Sohrab; however, this child was now sought to be found because Hassan and his wife were killed during the war. In the end, Amir decided to stand up for himself and knew that he had to find this child. He was not going to be the same coward that was back as a child; those days were over. Amir had found Sohrab and took him back to America. As time progressed, Amir saw many similarities in Sohrab that he had once seen in Hassan. Through the long journey of finding and rescuing Sohrab, Amir finally began to see who he really was. There is a way to be good again (Hosseini 226). Rahim Khan was one of the few men that knew everything that occurred in Amir’s life. He knew about the raping. He knew that Amir had been a coward and ran away. He knew Amir was suffering and he wanted to relieve him of his guilt; the only way to do this was to have Amir come back to Pakistan and care for Hassan’s only child. After saving Sohrab, Amir no longer felt like a coward. Amir realized that the past could not be changed or altered to how he wanted his life to end up. He now understood his goal in life and that was to take care of Sohrab. He needed to repay Hassan back for all the good that he has done for him, even though he knew that nobody could live up to the loyalty and trust that Hassan gave him. Amir loved Hassan and wanted to repay him in as many ways as possible; he would have done anything for him if he was still alive today†¦a thousand times over.

Changing Family Structure in Japan essays

Changing Family Structure in Japan essays Belief that one should love and respect ones parents and as they grow older, one should take the BEST POSSIBLE CARE OF THEM!!! Japanese children grow up believing that it is a tremendous honor to spend time with their grandparents and that Age is wisdom People in Japan generally believe that it is shameful to abandon ones parents in a nursing home. (added info, dont know if you want to use it but anyway... officials tell stories of people in rural areas who continue to hang out their parents laundry long after they have gone to a nursing home just so that their neighbors wont think they have abandoned their parents) Traditional Multigenerational Family Structure or Ie: Aging parents typically choose to live with an elder son and his wife (this is because traditionally only the eldest son inherited.) The eldest male (grandfather) is the head of the household, but at the age of 60 he becomes go inkyo or retired master. Eldest female (grandmother) is the obason and has authority over the daughter-in-law. Eldest son spends his time working and his wife is responsible for taking care of their husbands needs, HIS parents, and their children... as well as all the housework!!! The family structure is changing in Japan. More women are working full-time and have their own careers to worry about and taking care of aging parents on top of their own families has become an enormous burden. MAJOR STRESS!! Many young women are now choosing not to marry because they dont want to be put in this difficult position. They realize that because times are changing, they will not be able to count on their children to take care of them when they get older. They are focusing on their careers and putting money into their pension ...

Design and Implementation of Networking Plan Essay

Design and Implementation of Networking Plan - Essay Example On a network of a number of routing protocols, rout distribution process is involved to help broaden various sections of network learned routes under the support of configured protocol in sequences adaptable to other segments too within the network system. In any communications over interlinked devices on the same network system, routers to have to be connected directly, static or dynamic. To explain these concepts: dynamic routers are always acquired from â€Å"visible† routers through routing protocols; and static routers keyed-in by the network administrator. In the case of any static routing (a system of manually inserting routes within the existing sequence of routers’ routing), a number of limitations are experienced. These include lack of its practicality/ success on larger network systems since it requires a lot of time to set up; all routers must be updated upon addition of new networks, by administrators; it requires a full understanding of internetwork in relation to the functionality of all router connections. Link state routing protocols have the limitations of inability to transfer data packets over larger network since it uses CPU and system memory to update routing tables; use of larger quantities of network bandwidth at times of convergence; and a lot of time consumed during convergence in case of poor coordination on the reception of rout information over the same network system. Overcoming the listed shortcomings takes into account measures such as reducing router resource utilization through prolonging update frequencies or by swapping rout summaries; and synchronizing updates with duration taken. Additionally, solution measures such as maximum hop counts, hold downs, route poisoning, and split horizons can be considered alternately to encounter  routing loops. The prime use of packet switching and IP address makes available internet infrastructure needed by routing protocols in the sequential transmission of data packets over the internet.

International finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

International finance - Assignment Example This could lead to reduced investments of the government or organizations involved in the debt, thus leading to adoption of compensatory mechanisms such as increased taxation by governments and increased product prices by organizations in order to cater for the cost. On the other hand, devaluation is likely to discourage investors from foreign countries, as governments that devalue their currency are perceived as weak. This would lead to decreased revenue and thus high rates of inflation. An increase in national income in Japan as compared to the US, with floating rates of exchange would lead to the depreciation of the rate of current exchange for Japan, and thus appreciation of the US dollar. An increase in the prices in both Japan and the US would ensure that the two countries maintain their purchasing power parity. As such, the US dollar would remain the same relative to the Japanese yen. High real interest rates in Japan would lead to appreciation in the value of their currency and subsequent depreciation in the value of the US dollar. As such, global investors would wish to hold financials in the Japanese yen. For them to buy Japanese stocks or bonds, the Japanese yen must be bought, causing it to appreciate. The fixed exchange rate system guards countries from exchange rate uncertainties by allowing countries that experience deficits in the payment balance to use their dollar reserves to finance such deficits (Arnold 891). With the decline in the number of dollars, the supply of money in the country is reduced. The interest rates thus increase in response to the reduced prices. The reduction in price results in the goods of the nation becoming more competitive at the international level, increasing capital flow into the nation. As such, the fixed exchange rate system allows different nations to establish equilibrium through balancing payments. The fixed exchange rate systems place the exchange risk

Organizational Structure of AirAsia

Organizational Structure of AirAsia 1.0 Introduction Nowadays, the use of information technology plays a vital role for businesses to compete and succeed. According to Laudon and Laudon (2010), almost the all firms and organizations use information technology to survive; they invest in information technology and systems because these investments will return a lot of advantages, such as; an increase in productivity, a decrease in costs and an increase in revenue. Information systems provide information for managers which help them to make better decisions and improve operations. This assignment will look at the largest low cost carriers in Asia Pacific region AirAsia Berhad, which is known as AirAsia. In this work we will analyse how organization has successfully used information technology and systems to improve their business. In addition, this paper will look to IT strategies of Air Asia and to some businesses processes within organization where information systems were successfully implemented. Organization background If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday. (Pearl Buck) Generally, without past, there is no future and everything in our life has his history. Thus, it is brief Air Asias background: First of all, AirAsia was founded in 1993 by Malaysian government as a second airliner to the major national air company MAS (Malaysian Airlines) and AirAsia started operating after three years on 18th November 1996.During the following 5 years, AirAsia failed every year to bring profit, as a result; AirAsia had a great debt of about USD $ 37 million in 2001. However, this time is the time when the real story of the largest low-cost airlines began. In 2001, Dato Sri Dr Tony Fernandes with partners Dato Pahamin Rejab (former chairman of Air Asia), Dato Kamarudin Meranun, and Dato Aziz Bakar purchased the AirAsia from Malaysian owner HICOM Holdings Berhad (now known as DRB-HICOM Berhad), for a symbolic price RM1 (USD 0.25 cents), and agreed to close the debts of the company. (AirAsia Annual Report, 2008, p.3) They started with an innovative goal to make air travel cheaper and more affordable to people that Now Everyone Can Fly. AirAsia was re-branded and re-launched and started new life with two Boeing B737 planes, approximately 250 staffs and had only five destinations to Kota Bahru, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Labuan, Langkawi and Penang. According to AirAsia website, today after 10 years Air Asia has around 100 air planes and flies to more than 60 destinations from 23 countries. Additionally, Air Asia operates more than 3,500 flights a week and has around 8,000 staffs. In 2009 AirAsia ferried more than 22 million passengers and AirAsia is ASEAN (Association of South Asia Nations) carrier. (AirAsia Annual Report, 2009, p.4) It can be clearly seen that AirAsia has made a tremendous success in airline industry and it is interesting to know what and how managers of AirAsia use to achieve this fantastic outcome. It will be described later in following chapters. Organization Vision and Mission. Nowadays every organization has mission and vision statements, which show what organization is (mission) and a view of what organization wants to be (vision). (Harrison and John, 2009) In addition, the mission statement of the organization must be broad because it is an umbrella which encompasses organizations programs and services. (Angelica, 2001) 1). AirAsias Vision: Continue to be the lowest cost airline in every market we serve. 2). AirAsias Mission: To be the best company to work for whereby employees are treated as part of a big family Create a globally recognized ASEAN brand To attain the lowest cost so that everyone can fly with AirAsia Maintain the highest quality product, embracing technology to reduce cost and enhance service level (AirAsia website) Business Strategies and Success factors. Without a strategy the organization is like a ship without rudder, going around in circles. (Joel Ross and Michael Kami) Air Asia Success factors. AirAsia has achieved a tremendous success since its renovation. Because of some success factors AirAsia gets some competitive advantages in airline competition. By using it AirAsia is the best lowest cost airline company in South Asia. The key point of Airasias success factors is to deliver low fares is to consistently keep costs low. Providing low costs needs the high efficiency in every part of the business. Thus, every part of organization, every system process, everything must incorporate best industry practices. AirAsiaa success factors can be analyzed in the core values of the organization. AirAsia gets competitive advantages and makes their business successful by using these key strategies: Safety First Safety is the most vital criteria in every part of the organization operations; safety is the area where AirAsia will never compromise on. All conditions, which determine by regulators in the countries where AirAsia operates, are complied by the largest low fare airline. Furthermore, partnering with the worlds most renowned maintenance providers to be ensured that AirAsias airplanes always in the best condition. High Aircraft Utilisation The AirAsia airplane captains ability, to make a fast turnaround of 25 minutes which is the fastest in the region, is more convenient for customers to travel. It has resulted in high aircraft utilisation, better airline and staff productivity and lower costs. Low Fare, No Frills Providing to guests to have the choice of buying exclusively prepared meals, snacks and drinks from in-flight service at an affordable price. Streamlined Operations The important key of the AirAsias success is to make processes are simple as possible. Leans Distribution System Offering a wide and innovative range of distribution channels to make booking and travelling easier. Point to Point Network Applying the point-to-point network keeps operation simple and lower costs. Most of the AirAsias flights are short haul (four-hour flight radius or less) which helps to keep lower costs. Company Business Strategy. The Business Strategy of AirAsia is To continue to be the lowest cost short-haul airline in every market it serves, delivering strong organic growth through offering the lowest airfares at a uprofit. This strategy focusing in six main strategic thrusts: Leanest Cost Structure Efficient and simple point to point operationsÂÂ   Attracting and retaining hardworking and smart peopleÂÂ   Passion for continuous cost reduction Maximise Shareholders Value Resilient profit growth through our lower cost baseÂÂ   Expansion of the AirAsia network in a prudent and disciplined mannerÂÂ   Invest and enhance the AirAsia brand to increase investors returns Safety Comply with the highest International Aviation Safety Standards and practices Keep operations simple and transparentÂÂ   Ensure the security of our People and Guests ÂÂ   Passion for Guests Satisfaction Maintain simplicity in every applicationÂÂ   Practice the unique and friendly AirAsia experience at every opportunityÂÂ   Recognize the linkage between guests satisfaction and long-term success ÂÂ   Transparency Transparency in decision-making and information sharingÂÂ   Optimum disclosure higher than industry normsÂÂ   Timeliness in disclosing information ÂÂ   Human Capital Development Invest in both hard and soft skillsÂÂ   Recognize all our People as contributors to our successÂÂ   Reward excellence and individual contributions Maintaining one brand across the Group Analysis of the current Business Environment. Industry Analysis Porters Five Forces Model. 1. Bargaining Power of Supplier First of all, it can be clearly seen that the main AirAsias supplier is the airplane suppliers. Generally the power of airplane suppliers is very strong because of monopolisation in airplane manufacturers; there are only two types of airplanes Boeing and Airbus. The switching cost for airplane suppliers is very high due to expensive needs to change airplanes, for example: it will be very costly for AirAsia to change airplanes and train employees to be used of new airplanes. To be honest, nowadays, only several airline manufactures exist in airline industry, thus the power of airplane suppliers is very fantastic. If we look to other suppliers, such as, fuel, food and other suppliers, it is clear that their power is not so strong because AirAsia can change them and it will not affect to costs. The increase in price can be risky for these suppliers because AirAsia can quit working with them. 2. Bargaining Power of Buyer Generally, the power of customers is always high because there is no any switching cost for customers to change from one airline company to another, however; in this case, it can be thought that the output of AirAsia is very unique and fantastic in South Asia region. In addition, there will be switching cost for customers who want to change AirAsia to another airline company, as a result; the bargaining power of buyers is low. 3. Threat from Substitutes In South Asia region there are several possible substitutes for airline industry, such as; trains, buses, cars or ships. However, the prices for other substitutes are more expensive or at the same level, comfort, time spending and other factors during the travelling are more worse than in irline travelling. Nowadays, air travelling is faster, cheaper and more comfortable, as a result; threat of substitutes is respectively low. 4. Threat from New Entrants Airline industry is very expensive for new organizations to entrance into this industry. New organizations must have a big capital, strong support from government and must correspond for some requirements for airline organizations. There are difficult barriers for new organizations, for instance; cost advantages of existing airline organizations, brand loyalty of customers, high switching costs for customers and government restrictions. Therefore, the threat from new entrants is low. 5. Rivalry Intensity In general, the competition between airline organizations in Malaysia is not very strong. There is only one competitor for AirAsia in Malaysian airline industry is Malaysian Airlines (MAS) which can be considered as a friendly rival. Thus, the intensity of rival is low in Malaysian airline industry. 3.3 AirAsia Competitive Advantage. The strategic positioning has several ways in which the company can achieve competitive advantage. For instance, offering similar benefits for a lower cost to customers or retain cost but offer greater benefits for customers. In the case of Maybank, the strategy used by the company is to preserve the value of banking products and services, while offering great benefits and value, as well as the good quality of their products and services. Focusing on the variety and quality of their products and services, Maybank exercise their competitive advantage. In particular, through its subsidiaries Maybank provides a wide and diverse range of products and services. That allows its customers to use multiple services in one banking group. By entrusting their money to the time-tested bank, whether it be insurance, private banking or assets management. All this, along with high quality services and highly professional staff of the bank create convenience for customers, thereby increasing competitive advantage. One of the important factors in achieving competitive advantage of Maybank is to improve the quality and speed of services through the introduction of information technology. Maybank since its inception is looking for ways to make life easier for its customers, through improving the quality of its services. Information technologies have played an important role in this. Maybank always has been the first to introduce new technologies, thus providing greater benefits and opportunities for its customers. 4.0 Analysis of the Current IS/IT Strategy Environment and IT solutions of Maybank. Yield Management System (YMS) It is also known as Revenue Management System; it understands, anticipates and reacts to the behavior of customer to maximize revenue for the organization. This takes into account the operating costs and aids AirAsia to optimize prices and allocate capacity to maximize expected revenues. The optimization is done on two levels in AirAsia: Seat (Every seat is considered an opportunity to maximize revenue. Seats are available at various prices in different points of time. A reservation done at a later date will be charged more than the one done earlier for the same seat) Route (By adjusting prices for routes/destinations that have a higher demand when compared to others). The effective method however is to combine these two levels for all flights, all routes so that both the seat and the route are effectively priced for all the flights. AirAsia has realized increased revenue (3-4%) for the same number of aircrafts by taking advantage of the forecast of the high/low demand patterns, effectively shifting the demand from low period to high period and by charging a premium for late bookings. Over the past couple of years, AirAsia have actually lowered prices (essential for LCC) as the YMS has given them the window to increase their revenue by offering higher discounts, more frequently during off-peak times while raising prices only marginally for peak times. (Voneche, n.d). Computer Reservation System (CRS) AirAsias CRS (Open Skies by Navitaire) has helped it to grow at a dramatic pace in the past couple of years Navitaires Open Skies technology has truly enabled Airasias growth from 2 million passengers to 7.7 million passengers in less than two years. Open Skies scaled easily to accommodate our growth. Tony Fernandes CEO AirAsia Source: Navitaire (http://www.navitaire.com/res_and_dist/openskies.asp) It is an integrated web-based reservation and inventory system. It includes Internet, call center, airport departure control and more. It is a direct sales engine that effectively eliminates the middleman (travel agents) and the sales commissions that need to be paid to them. Centralized customer data is also maintained by Open Skies and this helps AirAsia to track booking and schedule flight activities with real-time, on-demand reporting feature. The vast booking information that is provided online to the customers acts as a force that brings more customers to use the website thus reducing the customer support costs. An important feature is that Open Skies seamlessly integrates with the already implemented YMS so that the systems can be used in unison for pricing and revenue maximization (by providing information on bookings, schedules etc) and driving down the costs of operation at the same time. This CRS enabled AirAsia to introduce the first ticket less travel option and also pro vides features such as advanced boarding passes in addition to online booking that enabled the growth of AirAsia as these features attracted customers that did not have the time for purchasing tickets from counters and coming in 1 hour early for securing a seat on the aircraft. AirAsia have proposed to implement a Wireless Delivery System (WDS) to expand its reach via mobile phones. With this, potential customers will be able to book tickets via their mobile phones. This is a strategic move for growth as the Asia-Pacific region has a larger population of mobile phone users rather than internet users. Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) AirAsia has recently (May 2005) opted for a full fledged ERP system implemented by Avanade consultants. By implementing this package AirAsia is looking to successfully maintain process integrity, reduce financial month-end closing processing times, and speed up reporting and data retrieval processes. (Microsoft Malaysia) 4.1 IT and IS deployed by Maybank. It can be said that Maybank has been always be on the way to improve quality of their products and services, thereby satisfy all the needs of their customers. In other words Maybank has been always innovated its products and services by implementation of IT. If to look back to the past we can see that Maybank was the leader to introduce new technologies to the market. For instance, Maybank was the first to embark on a computerisation programme, First to implement the use of ATMs and establish a shared ATM network with its subsidiaries, First to introduce Phone banking and First to introduce Internet Banking. In 1981, Maybank was first Malaysian bank to set up Automated Teller Machine (ATM) services.(annual report, 2009). Since that time Maybank increased the number of ATMs, with each year. ATMs give a lot of opportunities and benefits to the customers of the bank. Such as, access to own account 24 hours/7 days a week, fast cash withdrawal, cheque book and statement request, fund transfer between own accounts and funds transfer to third party accounts. Furthermore, Maybank was first domestic bank to implement MAS electronic Ticketing at their ATMs, this enable Maybank customers ticketless air travel in Malaysia on Malaysia Airlines. Later, due to its expansion to the South Asia markets Maybank launch the Maybank RegionLink Service. RegionLink Service allows Maybank customers in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and Philippines to access ATM transactions at any Maybank ATM in these four countries. To effectively usage and managing its ATM network as well as to enable their customers to have a be tter service, Maybank uses automated teller machine management software from Diebold Inc. Without a doubt, the Internet is one of the most important technological advances of recent years. The rapid development of information technologies have created vast opportunities for companies to reduce operating costs, increase speed and quality of their services, as well as the creation of additional benefits for their customers. Because of this and to create competitive advantage Maybank launch its Internet Banking. Basically, Maybank launch Internet Banking through its online financial portal maybank2u.com in 2000. This portal bring the convenience of online banking for its customers, who can open an account, check balances, transfer funds, settle bills and shop online via this site, which employs 128-bit SSL security technology. Later in 2001, Maybank launch its E-bills service, which can be used only by their customers. At that time there were 325 business organisations that were able to accept payment through internet banking. Conducting funds transactions over the internet has been convenient and quick. This allowed the company to reach RM 500 million monthly total average transaction. In 2003, Maybank launched Internet Banking Kiosks. It enable their customers to undertake internet banking transactions in provided terminals at its branches. To maintain its leadership position in internet banking services, in 2006, Maybank launch Mobile Banking services in collaboration with Celcom and Maxis. It was the first mobile banking in Malaysia . It allowed Maybank customers to access to the three most popular applications of Maybank2u.com: bill payment balance enquiry and fund transfers. From that time, Maybank customers have the convenience of undertaking selected banking transactions in real time via the mobile phone. In order to improve its efficiency and service MayBank concluded a series of deals with companies such as CSC and Microsoft.The main objective of IT infrastructure outsourcing agreement with CSC was to improve their IT services to position it for global economic growth and, in the case of major disasters, to reduce its recovery time from three days to less than eight hours. The data center was moved from Maybanks headquarter to a secure and modern CSC facility. In addition, CSC set up separate data center for disaster recovery that fully duplicates all of the banks critical data across all platforms. CSC also provide simultaneous connection between bank branches, the main data center and disaster recovery center. This deal allowed the company to reduce response time, to increase productivity and transactional speed. An Enterprise Subscription Agreement with Microsoft Malaysia to adopt a common software toolset for Maybanks desktop applications has given Maybank the ability to promote greater communication among employees and customers and to enhance cost efficiency. One of the results of this agreement was increasing efficiency and productivity of the employees. 4.2 Impact on the usage of IS/IT by Maybank. In general, the use of information technology has a significant impact on the work of the enterprise. Effect of IT can be both at the organization, its efficiency, as well as to clients and their relationship to the company. In the case of Maybank, IT was one of the essential factors of growth and continued leadership of the bank. Maybank always has been a pioneer in the introduction of the use of IT, which allowed the company to achieve certain benefits. These benefits include competitive advantage, achieving the goal of the company, better service for customers and increase profits and market share. Maybank was able to improve their service through the use of information technology and information systems. Provision of banking and financial services through a network of ATMs and internet banking has allowed its customers to access their accounts anytime and anywhere in the world. Also, the IT/IS have an impact on the reduction of transaction costs and the time spending on transaction, that is convenient for customers. Customer relationship management system has been significantly influenced by information technologies. Increasing the ways of interaction between the company and customers, has given Maybank opportunity to increase and improve understanding of the needs and desires of customers. All this resulted in improved service and customer satisfaction, as well as the obvious convenience for customers of Maybank. Paying great attention to the use and implementation of IT, Maybank thus creating conditions for improving efficiency and productivity of their employees, as well as facilitating a repository of knowledge and being able to share this knowledge across the organization. In Maybank firmly believe that effective knowledge sharing is a source of competitive advantage. Also providing new products and services Maybank has a competitive advantage. At the same time, it is a temporary competitive advantage, because competitors can later enter the market with similar products and services. Therefore Maybank is always on the way to improve its service. On the other hand, Maybank as a pioneer in the introduction of the usage of IT has the first-mover advantage. This has a significant impact on enlarging market share. Also, the IT/IS has an impact on the reduction of transaction costs and human capital costs. All this has allowed Maybank to increase profits and market share. Increased profits and market share, competitive advantage and better service has given Maybank an opportunity to achieve its goal. Namely to become a leading banking group in Malaysia, and set the following goal to become a leading regional banking group by 2015. 5.0 Conclusion Technical progress is coming more quickly than ever before, thus, affecting all aspects of a typical company. Today, it is vital to the company to use information technology in order to work. It is become crucial factor for the Maybank to employ IT/IS in order to compete in digital world, where almost everyone use IT. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that the most important factor still is the people and companies such as Maybank also need to invest their money in staff training, in order to be competitive enough or even to create competitive advantage. Because it is the people who create it.

Changes to the set context due to the system Essay

There will obviously have to be some changes to how the cinema is run because of ICT and the system. The system will have to be maintained and it will also have to be prioritised over other methods of advertising. The reason for this is because, this will soon probably become the most efficient and most used method to find out facts about the cinema. This is going to change many things in the cinema. The cinema is going to hire people who can manage websites and know how ICT works and are willing t put in extra effort to improve and maintain their improvements to the system. It is likely that someone is going to loose their job because of the switch from so called analogue to technological devices. The new posts will require candidates who have had experience with basic technical devices and know how things work. Therefore I believe that when coming to choose these new candidates we will soon realise the difference in job profiles and the different experiences which the candidates will have. The switch to technological devices will most defiantly see new posts created and jobs lost, but this is for the advantage to some and the disadvantage to others. The new kind of devices which could be introduced to the set context could be things like; 1. New tills 2. Bar code readers 3. Bar codes 4. Printing machines 5. New computer systems 6. New programs These are just a few of the things which might be changed because of the effect of ICT. The old people may not know how to operate the new devices, and it will probably be more worth while for the company to introduce a fresh face to the cinema with new staff who can carry out the tasks which the old were performing and also have the advantage over the old ones because of their knowledge on technical devices. The old staff may be reliable and worthy of their job, so the cinema might decide to offer training to certain individuals. This is a possibility for the cinema if they don’t want to loose some of their employees. The cinema also has to think about the fact that training is more expensive then replacing the old staff with new staff. It would be easier to do this, but the cinema doesn’t know how reliable the new staff may be. This could be an issue to think about. They might have all the knowledge but they might not be willing to work as hard of as efficiently as the old staff. This could affect business in a strong way. There are two possibilities; 1. Replacing the current staff 2. Training the current staff The system which I my self have created is a major fact to be considered in this decision on what to do with the staff. It is more then likely that new staff will have to be introduced to maintain the site or staff can be trained to do it. The current staff may have a small amount of experience with computers and different types of systems, but I believe that the new system which I have created for advertisement is completely different. The kind of things which have to be done to maintain and update the system is completely different to using the current system. The staff needs to learn how to use new programs and operate FTP programs. It is possible to offer new posts for certain jobs and to keep some of the posts which are already at the cinema. The new posts could be offered to the people who can do things which others can’t. For example, maintaining the system. The kind of jibs which can be kept would be selling tickets and refreshments. These are just a few of the changes which can be made. Training can be offered to those on the tills so that they can adjust to the new system. The reason why it is a good idea to keep some of the old staff and to get some new staff is because, if the majority of your staff are dismissed because they don’t know how to use technical devices then there is going to be a certain amount of anger towards the cinema, and this could potentially ruin the name of the company.

Foreign Review of Related Literature Essay

Students who get the system of studying know that good grades lead to more freedom and responsibility in life. Some only want to have fun and focus on other things but it is said that their refusal to study did not fulfill them that is why they feel guilty and realize a need to change. This being said, all students are encouraged to take their studies seriously. Because in our generation, the youth tend to give in to the things that will give them immediate yet temporary happiness than happiness that might take long to have yet it will last longer. Students must all know that every moment of education is important because the pleasures of today have no assurance that they will still exist tomorrow. We might say that we have attained freedom through our reckless acts as a child, through our ignorance towards studies but these will all backfire on us in the future. They consequences that will be put upon us will be sevenfold. As the saying goes, â€Å"What goes around, comes around.â €  same with our present to future education. A study plan has to be made. Students should use their time wisely in everything that they do. They should study in a place that will be suitable and comfortable for them. There must be enough space for the students to be able to place and move their books freely while studying. Perhaps studying a very general topic that needs a lot of references, a student needs enough space to be able to open the important pages that relates to their topic without it being a burden. At the same time, they should be comfortable enough to be able to focus on their studies properly and not have to worry about having neck/back aches, or even poor eyesight. There must be a fair lighting to prevent blurring of the eyes. Most importantly, they should establish a study plan to have an orderly routine in studying and also to have proper distribution of time with studies and resting. Time management is one of the greatest factors to consider in attaining high grades. All students must learn good study habits that will help them keep record of their assignments and the things that are need to be done. Students must also learn to stop cramming and procrastinating. Students must all complete their tasks immediately to avoid passing assignments or requirements after the deadline. They should also study immediately after school hours to keep their mastery over the said lessons and to be able to pass the exams with flying colors. Also every student is encouraged or most probably required to understand and learn their lessons than to just memorize what they have read. Some knowledge of research methods of the logic of research analysis is necessary both to avoid being misled by bad research and to help in interpreting the findings that are presented. Analyzing rather than memorizing, that’s the main point of this statement. It is to let the readers and the students know that mastery does not come from what the writings in the book say but from the way we understood what we have read. Lastly, everyone not only students must know that the same intelligence which is in you is also in the things that you desire. That the human person must believe in his/her own self and not repeat words or formulas but his/her power to do something. It’s not always the bookish and academic things that will define our intelligence or performance, but mostly in our attitude towards studies. It’s not always about being book smart, but it is also about the perseverance and the things we do to strive for success, the efforts that we make to achieve our goals and the sacrifices that we make for the assurance of success. It only means that everything is up to us, on the way we perceive things, the way we take things through, and the way we approach things. We must always keep a positive attitude because this is the first big step towards becoming what we want to be in the future.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Screening in Fetal and Maternal Medicine Free Essay Example, 4500 words

The tests are used to determine the sex of the fetus as well as to facilitate blood group typing. There are two types of prenatal testing used to detect potential fetal abnormalities: screening tests and diagnostic tests 6 These two types of tests are extremely beneficial to detect any kind of birth defect that a baby might have. If primary screening tests demonstrate the baby could be in danger of acquiring some kind of birth defect, then the parents may make a decision to have a more invasive diagnostic test, for example, amniocentesis. Amniocentesis, a test that involves analyzing the baby's DNA from an amniotic fluid sample, is the most accurate prenatal test for these serious conditions in the baby 7The occurrence of Down syndrome and various other kinds of chromosomal problems are seen to increase as a mother age. An incorporated screening test shows that about 94 % children are born with Down syndrome a) Down Syndrome: Down s syndrome is a major cause of concern for pregnan t women and their families as well as the medical fraternity as a whole. This genetic disorder, first recognized by Dr John Langdon Down in 1866 as a distinct condition, hampers the normal growth of a child and can cause moderate to severe learning difficulties 8 in him or her. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of Screening in Fetal and Maternal Medicine or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Under the circumstances, it becomes highly significant that some kind of testing should be made available to pregnant women, so as to enable them to properly diagnose the issues beforehand.